Kaevandamine kogu maailmas: kuhu peaksid krüptokaevurid muutuval maastikul minema?

One of the main themes among the crypto community in 2021 was China’s aggressive policy toward mining, which led to a complete ban on such activities in September. 

Kuigi kaevandamine kui finantstegevuse liik ei ole kuhugi kadunud ega kao tõenäoliselt, pidid Hiina krüptoraha kaevandajad otsima poe sisseseadmiseks uut kohta. Paljud neist kolisid Ameerika Ühendriikidesse – maailma uude kaevandusmekasse –, samas kui mõned lahkusid odava elektriga Skandinaaviasse ja teised lähedalasuvasse Kasahstani.

Mining activities can’t stay under the radar forever, and governments around the world have begun to raise concerns over electricity capacity and power outages. 

Erik Thedéen, vice-chair of the European Securities and Markets Authority — who also serves as director general of the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority — has called for a ban on mining proof-of-work cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin (BTC) Euroopas.

Kui jurisdiktsioonid üle maailma hakkavad kaevandamisega seotud tegevusi karmilt piirama, tekitab see küsimuse: "Kus on krüpto kaevandamine veel tulus ja juriidiliselt soodne?"

Seotud: Uue kodu leidmine: Bitcoini kaevurid asusid elama pärast Hiina lahkumist

Põhja-Ameerika

It’s no secret that the U.S. is the main country for crypto mining, particularly in the Lone Star State, Texas. After the exodus from China, crypto miners and billions of dollars of capital flooded into the southern state. This is largely due to state policy, with Governor Greg Abbott having actively supported the Bitcoin industry.

Krüptokaevandusfirma Genesis Digital Assets tegevjuht Philip Salter ütles Cointelegraphile põhjuse, miks osariigist sai kaevurite populaarne sihtkoht:

"Kaevurite jaoks maailmas võib praegu olla kõige silmapaistvam koht Texas. Selle tohutu tuule- ja päikeseenergia hulk põhjustab taskukohase energia ülejääki. Eraomandis olevad elektrivõrgud tagavad kiire tee uutele projektidele, ilma et neid takistaks aeglane bürokraatia. Texase eelised pole siiski nii uued. Kaevurid hakkasid seal ehitama juba aastaid tagasi, isegi kui mitte nii agressiivselt kui praegu.

Texas has experienced its own problems with electricity infrastructure, with massive blackouts affecting much of the state in 2021 amid unseasonable winter storms. But miners there have been relatively understanding about electricity consumption, and large companies have even periodically turned off equipment to give priority to residential consumers and critical infrastructure.

America’s northern neighbor, Canada, has also been actively attracting mining companies. Recently, authorities in Alberta kutsutud cryptocurrency miners to the province, touting its cheap electricity prices thanks to an abundance of local natural gas.

Ladina-Ameerika

Latin American countries have been expending considerable effort to attract miners, with El Salvador, in particular, showing a favorable attitude toward mining. The country was the first in the world to tunnustada Bitcoini seaduslikuks maksevahendiks. The Salvadoran government has not hesitated to directly invest in Bitcoin and even plans linna ehitada dedicated to the preeminent cryptocurrency where electricity to mine BTC will reportedly come from volcano-fired geothermal plants.

Costa Rica is also gradually becoming mining-friendly due to low electricity prices. Thanks to mining, a hydroelectric power plant that was closed during the COVID-19 pandemic has now taasavatud. 

Large crypto companies have also begun to set up operations in Costa Rica. Chia Network, a blockchain network created by BitTorrent founder Bram Cohen, has kokkulepitud to provide technical services for Costa Rica’s national climate change initiatives.

Argentina was very popular among miners until the government decided recently to cut subsidies for miners and raise taxes on mining activities. So far, these financial policy changes for mining are limited to the province of Tierra del Fuego, which is known for its cold climate. Nevertheless, Argentina remains a good place for mining farms even after the electricity price increases, keeping in mind the energy crisis in competing regions like Europe. 

Kaevandamine on Euroopas endiselt võimalik

Krüptokaevandustegevus Euroopas on endiselt suhteliselt piiratud, kuna energiakriisi tõttu kõrged elektrihinnad ja regulaatorite üldiselt skeptiline suhtumine krüptovaluutadesse panevad krüptoettevõtted enne mandrile asumist kaks korda mõtlema. 

Tõepoolest, Põhjamaade riik Island oli varem Bitcoini kaevandamise leviala, kus subarktiline vulkaaniline maastik pakkus kaevandusfarmidele odavat elektrit ja madalaid jahutuskulusid.

However, late last year, the country’s national electrical company, Landsvirkjun, cut the amount of power it would provide to energy-intensive industries like Bitcoin mining and aluminum smelting, citing capacity concerns. 

Vaatamata kontinendi piirangutele on Euroopas mõned kohad, kus kaevurid on otsustanud rajada kaupluse, kus geograafia ja kliima mängivad äri meelitamisel olulist rolli.

Kaukaasia regioonis asuvas Gruusias on riigi liiduvabariigi ajal ehitatud suur hulk hüdroelektrijaamu – koos suhteliselt tagasihoidliku rahvaarvuga – taganud kaevurite jaoks suure hulga odavat elektrit.

Major crypto mining companies have already set up operations in the country. Back in 2014, Dutch mining company Bitfury avatud its first data center, with a draw of 20 megawatts, in the eastern Georgian city of Gori.

The success of Bitfury opened the eyes of many Georgians who actively began to acquire powerful video cards and create their own small crypto mining farms. According to the World Bank, 5% of the Georgian population was hõivatud in crypto mining in 2018.

Samuti tuleb märkida, et Venemaa jääb tänu madalatele energiakuludele ja külmale kliimale krüptokaevandamise epitsentriks.

Venemaa suurima krüptovaluutade kaevandamise kolokatsiooniteenuste pakkuja BitRiveri avalike suhete direktor Andrei Loboda jagas Cointelegraphiga mõnda konkreetset piirkonda, kus on kaevuritel mugav töötada, kui Venemaa valitsus hakkab krüptorahasid rohkem toetama:

"BitRiveri andmetel tegeleb täna Vene Föderatsioonis ainuüksi Bitcoini kaevandamisega umbes 300,000 XNUMX inimest. Meie ettevõte teostab energiamahukat ja kiiret andmetöötlust andmekeskustes paljudes Venemaa Föderatsiooni piirkondades, sealhulgas Irkutski oblastis ja Krasnojarski territooriumil. Rohelised ja digitehnoloogiad, mida oma töös digienergia ülemineku raames rakendame, on juba andnud piirkondade arengule lisatõuke.

Kas kaevandamine on seda väärt?

Geograafia on kaevurite jaoks kriitiline element, olgu see siis elektri- ja jahutuskulude või regulatiivsete probleemide puhul. Siiski on mõned kulud, näiteks riistvara, mida kaevurid kannavad endaga kõikjale, kuhu nad lähevad.

Kuna nõudlus kaevandusseadmete järele kasvab ja turgudel on hiljutine madalseis pärast 2021. aasta tõusuperioodi, siis millal tasub kaevandamine koos kõigi riistvarakuludega seda väärt?

2021 was the most profitable aasta for mining Ether (ETH) with graphics processing units since 2016. This is not surprising, as Ether’s price more than quadrupled last year. But the main issue for miners is electricity and equipment expenses, and the price of the latter is growing rapidly.

Nevertheless, while the profitability of Ether mining remains high, the payoff period for equipment purchases is growing, partly due to the Londoni kõva kahvel in August 2021 that reduced the payout for each block mined from 8–20 ETH to 2 ETH. Another negative factor for miners will be the much-anticipated transition of the Ethereum blockchain to a proof-of-stake consensus, after which they will have to start mining altcoins or recertify as stakers võrgus.

The Bitcoin network’s mining difficulty recently on kõigi aegade kõrgeim despite the strong decrease in BTC’s price in January, which hit a monthly low of around $34,300. 

It is surprising that, against this background, the cost of ASICs didn’t langema. At the same time, the ASIC payoff period this year is a little over 1,000 days, or almost three years. Not everyone can afford to carry those expenses for such a long time.

Kaevurid peavad arvestama paljude muutuvate teguritega, kuid üks on selge: krüptovaluuta kaevandamine on paindlik ja kohanduv tööstusharu ning ettevõtted on tõestanud, et on valmis kolima kasulikumatesse kohtadesse, kui nende praegune osutub vähem kui ideaalne.

• Münditark. Euroopa parim Bitcoini ja krüptobörs.
• Platoblockchain. Web3 metaversiooni intelligentsus. Täiustatud teadmised. TASUTA PÄÄS.
• CryptoHawk. Altcoini radar. Tasuta prooviversioon.
• Allikas: https://cointelegraph.com/news/mining-worldwide-where-should-crypto-miners-go-in-a-changing-landscape