On a gap in the proof of the generalised quantum Stein’s lemma and its consequences for the reversibility of quantum resources

On a gap in the proof of the generalised quantum Stein’s lemma and its consequences for the reversibility of quantum resources

Source Node: 2258495

Mario Berta1,2, Fernando G. S. L. Brandão3,4, Gilad Gour5, Ludovico Lami6,7,8,9, Martin B. Plenio6, Bartosz Regula10,11, and Marco Tomamichel12,13

1Institute for Quantum Information, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
2Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
3Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
4AWS Center for Quantum Computing, Pasadena, CA, USA
5Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
6Institut für Theoretische Physik und IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
7QuSoft, Science Park 123, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
8Korteweg–de Vries Institute for Mathematics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 105-107, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
9Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
10Mathematical Quantum Information RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) and RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
11Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
12Center for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore
13Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore

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Abstract

We show that the proof of the generalised quantum Stein’s lemma [Brandão & Plenio, Commun. Math. Phys. 295, 791 (2010)] is not correct due to a gap in the argument leading to Lemma III.9. Hence, the main achievability result of Brandão & Plenio is not known to hold. This puts into question a number of established results in the literature, in particular the reversibility of quantum entanglement [Brandão & Plenio, Commun. Math. Phys. 295, 829 (2010); Nat. Phys. 4, 873 (2008)] and of general quantum resources [Brandão & Gour, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 070503 (2015)] under asymptotically resource non-generating operations. We discuss potential ways to recover variants of the newly unsettled results using other approaches.

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How efficiently can one detect the resources present in a quantum system? Qualitatively, the more resourceful a system is, the easier it is to detect its resources. To give a rigorous interpretation to this qualitative intuition, one needs to compute a quantity known as the Stein exponent of an associated quantum hypothesis testing (state discrimination) task. The generalised quantum Stein’s lemma, proposed by Brandão and Plenio in 2010, was a key piece of mathematical machinery that was designed to do precisely that. What is more, the resulting Stein exponent turned out to be given by a known resource measure, the regularised relative entropy. This makes intuitive sense, as a larger Stein exponent enhances the effectiveness of distinguishing a given state from all resourceless ones.

The applications of this result were manifold, but perhaps the most important was the identification of a framework for quantum resource manipulation that would become completely reversible. In this framework, discovered by Brandão and Plenio in 2008 and later generalised to almost all quantum resources by Brandão and Gour, the given resource could be freely converted from one form into the other at no (theoretical) loss. This mimics the classical thermodynamical behaviour of work and heat, which can be reversibly transformed into each other by Carnot cycles. For the case of entanglement theory, even more connections were established: notably, in this framework the distillable entanglement of any state is precisely equal to its Stein exponent.

In our work, we however report the existence of a serious gap in the original proof of the generalised quantum Stein’s lemma. Consequently, it remains uncertain whether this result is ultimately valid or not — the proof is incomplete, but we do not know of any counterexample to the original claim either. The results by Brandão and Plenio on reversibility of entanglement, and the subsequent ones on reversibility of general quantum resources, are now to be considered unproven. We discuss this state of affairs in detail, listing the affected results and explaining how to recover some of them. We also examine various ways of proving alternative but weaker forms of the generalised quantum Stein’s lemma. One of the goals of this paper is to stimulate further research on this problem, which appears to be one of the major open problems in the field of quantum entanglement theory and quantum resource theories in general, and whose complete solution would represent major progress in our understanding of the mysterious quantum world.

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[1] Chandan Datta, Tulja Varun Kondra, Marek Miller, and Alexander Streltsov, “Catalysis of entanglement and other quantum resources”, arXiv:2207.05694, (2022).

[2] Patryk Lipka-Bartosik, Henrik Wilming, and Nelly H. Y. Ng, “Catalysis in Quantum Information Theory”, arXiv:2306.00798, (2023).

[3] Ryuji Takagi and Naoto Shiraishi, “Correlation in Catalysts Enables Arbitrary Manipulation of Quantum Coherence”, Physical Review Letters 128 24, 240501 (2022).

[4] Ludovico Lami, Bartosz Regula, and Alexander Streltsov, “Catalysis cannot overcome bound entanglement”, arXiv:2305.03489, (2023).

[5] Junjing Xing, Tianfeng Feng, Zhaobing Fan, Haitao Ma, Kishor Bharti, Dax Enshan Koh, and Yunlong Xiao, “Fundamental Limitations on Communication over a Quantum Network”, arXiv:2306.04983, (2023).

[6] Ludovico Lami and Maksim E. Shirokov, “Continuity of the relative entropy of resource”, arXiv:2308.00696, (2023).

[7] Ludovico Lami and Bartosz Regula, “No second law of entanglement manipulation after all”, arXiv:2111.02438, (2021).

[8] Ludovico Lami, Julen S. Pedernales, and Martin B. Plenio, “Testing the quantum nature of gravity without entanglement”, arXiv:2302.03075, (2023).

[9] Mario Berta and Marco Tomamichel, “Entanglement monogamy via multivariate trace inequalities”, arXiv:2304.14878, (2023).

[10] Ludovico Lami and Bartosz Regula, “Distillable entanglement under dually non-entangling operations”, arXiv:2307.11008, (2023).

[11] Bartosz Regula and Ludovico Lami, “Functional analytic insights into irreversibility of quantum resources”, arXiv:2211.15678, (2022).

[12] Bartosz Regula, Ludovico Lami, and Mark M. Wilde, “Postselected quantum hypothesis testing”, arXiv:2209.10550, (2022).

[13] Bartosz Regula, Ludovico Lami, and Mark M. Wilde, “Overcoming entropic limitations on asymptotic state transformations through probabilistic protocols”, Physical Review A 107 4, 042401 (2023).

[14] Ludovico Lami and Bartosz Regula, “No second law of entanglement manipulation after all”, Nature Physics 19 2, 184 (2023).

[15] Ian George and Eric Chitambar, “Cone-Restricted Information Theory”, arXiv:2206.04300, (2022).

[16] Alexander Streltsov, “Multipartite entanglement theory with entanglement-nonincreasing operations”, arXiv:2305.18999, (2023).

[17] Bartosz Regula, “Tight constraints on probabilistic convertibility of quantum states”, Quantum 6, 817 (2022).

[18] Xin Wang and Mark M. Wilde, “Exact entanglement cost of quantum states and channels under positive-partial-transpose-preserving operations”, Physical Review A 107 1, 012429 (2023).

[19] Jaehak Lee, Kyunghyun Baek, Jiyong Park, Jaewan Kim, and Hyunchul Nha, “Fundamental limits on concentrating and preserving tensorized quantum resources”, Physical Review Research 4 4, 043070 (2022).

The above citations are from SAO/NASA ADS (last updated successfully 2023-09-07 14:40:01). The list may be incomplete as not all publishers provide suitable and complete citation data.

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