Quantum Circuit Debugging And Sensitivity Analysis Via Local Inversions

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Fernando A. Calderon-Vargas¹, Timothy Proctor², Kenneth Rudinger², and Mohan Sarovar¹

¹Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
²Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA and Livermore, CA 94550, USA

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Abstract

As the width and depth of quantum circuits implemented by state-of-the-art quantum processors rapidly increase, circuit analysis and assessment via classical simulation are becoming unfeasible. It is crucial, therefore, to develop new methods to identify significant error sources in large and complex quantum circuits. In this work, we present a technique that pinpoints the sections of a quantum circuit that affect the circuit output the most and thus helps to identify the most significant sources of error. The technique requires no classical verification of the circuit output and is thus a scalable tool for debugging large quantum programs in the form of circuits. We demonstrate the practicality and efficacy of the proposed technique by applying it to example algorithmic circuits implemented on IBM quantum machines.

Featured image: The $textit{local inversion}$ technique shows the extent to which the errors in each of the $d$ layers ($L$) of a circuit $C$ perturb the output probability distribution. That is done by calculating the total variation distances (TVDs) between the output probability distribution of the circuit $C$ and the probability distributions of each of the $d$ circuits $C^{(i)}$. In each $C^{(i)}$ circuit, we invert the $i$-th layer and repeat it such that, in the absence of error on $L_i$, $L_i L_i^{-1} L_i=L_i$. The relative magnitude of the TVD between the probability distributions of $C$ and $C^{(i)}$ is proportional to the degree the circuit outcome is perturbed by the errors in layer $L_i$.

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The rapid increase in qubit numbers and executable quantum circuit depths will soon reach the point where accurately predicting a program’s success rate and identifying sources of error in quantum circuit implementations will be impossible with current techniques based on individual gate-level characterization. This work introduces a novel in-situ tool for debugging quantum circuit implementations that identifies the circuit layers that most influence the circuit output and also discovers time-dependent error modes, such as the degradation of gates during execution. Our technique is based on locally inverting individual circuit layers, which amplifies errors in the inverted layers. Through analysis, simulation, and experiments on IBM quantum computers, we show the effectiveness and practicality of our technique in identifying the layers that perturb the circuit output the most. Moreover, we show that the impact of a given layer depends not only on the error rates of the gates that form the layer but also on the structure of the entire circuit. The proposed technique is a useful in-situ diagnostic and debugging tool for increasingly complex quantum algorithm implementations.

► BibTeX data

@article{CalderonVargas2023quantumcircuit, doi = {10.22331/q-2023-02-09-921}, url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-02-09-921}, title = {Quantum circuit debugging and sensitivity analysis via local inversions}, author = {Calderon-Vargas, Fernando A. and Proctor, Timothy and Rudinger, Kenneth and Sarovar, Mohan}, journal = {{Quantum}}, issn = {2521-327X}, publisher = {{Verein zur F{“{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}}, volume = {7}, pages = {921}, month = feb, year = {2023}<br /> }

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Cited by

[1] Tirthak Patel, Daniel Silver, and Devesh Tiwari, “CHARTER: Identifying the Most-Critical Gate Operations in Quantum Circuits via Amplified Gate Reversibility”, arXiv:2211.09903, (2022).

The above citations are from SAO/NASA ADS (last updated successfully 2023-02-09 17:23:22). The list may be incomplete as not all publishers provide suitable and complete citation data.

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This Paper is published in Quantum under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. Copyright remains with the original copyright holders such as the authors or their institutions.

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Source: https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2023-02-09-921/

Time Stamp: February 9, 2023

Time Stamp: Dec 12, 2023

A universal scheme for robust self-testing in the prepare-and-measure scenario

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Quantum circuit debugging and sensitivity analysis via local inversions

Republished By Plato

Abstract

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